Ethnic Networks and Access to Land in Nairobi

A Case Study of Three Informal Settlements in Nairobi

Abstract

The study set out to deepen our understanding of the influence of ethnic networks on access, use and ownership of land in low-income urban areas. Data for the study was obtained through a largely qualitative approach. Whereas the presence of ethnic networks creates trust, provides networks and enhances solidarity, it also facilitates an environment where enjoyment of land rights becomes elusive in informal settlements. The study found that ethnic networks have become strong avenues of land delivery through mostly unorthodox approaches such as illegal land invasions and allocation. This has led to the emergence of exclusive ethnic enclaves and political manipulation of residents. The application of ethnicity to land in these settlements appears to be manipulated by politicians working with government authorities to restrict the access of others, facilitate corruption, and contribute to conflicts over land rights, including those between landlords and tenants. It was evident that ethnicity can matter in the land affairs of low-income urban populations. However, it remains unclear what this means for debates and actions regarding urban development and policy formulation. The possibilities are that, while it increases trust, provides networks, and strengthens social solidarity, ethnicity can add complications to the already considerable difficulty of understanding and managing the land affairs of low-income urban settlements. More research is recommended to reach a better understanding of these propositions which have implications for key urban land policies, especially in developing countries.